A transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils of wire, usually wound around a common core made of a magnetic material like iron. These coils are known as the primary coil and the secondary coil.Here's a breakdown of how a transformer works:1. Primary Coil: An alternating current (AC) is passed through the primary coil, creating a changing magnetic field around it. This alternating current is typically generated by an AC power source.2. Magnetic Field Induction: The changing magnetic field induces a varying magnetic flux in the iron core according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This changing magnetic flux then links with the turns of both the primary and secondary coils.3. Secondary Coil: The changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage across the secondary coil due to electromagnetic induction. If the secondary circuit is closed, a current will flow through it.4. Transformer Equation: The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil (N1) to the number of turns in the secondary coil (N2) determines the voltage transformation ratio (V1/V2 = N1/N2). Similarly, the current transformation ratio is inverse to the voltage transformation ratio (I1/I2 = N2/N1).5. Conservation of Energy: In an ideal transformer (one without losses), the power input to the primary coil equals the power output from the secondary coil. This is based on the principle of conservation of energy.6. Efficiency and Losses: In real transformers, there are losses due to factors such as resistance in the coils, hysteresis losses in the core material, and eddy current losses. These losses reduce the efficiency of the transformer.Overall, transformers are crucial in electrical systems for voltage transformation, stepping up or down voltages as required for transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy. They are fundamental components in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems, as well as in various electronic devices.