1. Industry continues to dominate frontier AI research. In 2023, industry produced 51 notablemachine learning models, while academia contributed only 15. There were also 21 notable models resulting fromindustry-academia collaborations in 2023, a new high.2. More foundation models and more open foundation models. In 2023, a total of 149 foundationmodels were released, more than double the amount released in 2022. Of these newly released models, 65.7%were open-source, compared to only 44.4% in 2022 and 33.3% in 2021.3. Frontier models get way more expensive. According to AI Index estimates, the training costs ofstate-of-the-art AI models have reached unprecedented levels. For example, OpenAI’s GPT-4 used an estimated$78 million worth of compute to train, while Google’s Gemini Ultra cost $191 million for compute.4. The United States leads China, the EU, and the U.K. as the leading source of top AImodels. In 2023, 61 notable AI models originated from U.S.-based institutions, far outpacing the EuropeanUnion’s 21 and China’s 15.5. The number of AI patents skyrockets. From 2021 to 2022, AI patent grants worldwide increasedsharply by 62.7%. Since 2010, the number of granted AI patents has increased more than 31 times.