Presenter: Welcome to today's lecture on the importance of synchronization in the CAN protocol. In this session, we'll explore two types of synchronization: resynchronization and hard synchronization.[Transition to a diagram showing CAN communication]Presenter: Before we delve into synchronization methods, let's refresh our understanding of the CAN protocol. CAN, or Controller Area Network, is an asynchronous communication protocol commonly used in automotive and industrial applications.Presenter: CAN operates without a dedicated clock signal and utilizes Non-Return to Zero encoding, presenting challenges for synchronization.[Transition to an animation showing NRZ encoding]Presenter: In NRZ encoding, long bit streams of the same logic level can occur without clear transitions, making synchronization crucial for accurate data interpretation.[Transition to an explanation of synchronization methods]Presenter: To ensure reliable communication, CAN employs two synchronization methods: resynchronization and hard synchronization.[Transition to an explanation of resynchronization]Presenter: First, let's discuss resynchronization. In CAN, resynchronization occurs dynamically during communication. The receiver synchronizes with the sender's bitstream by detecting edges in the received signal.[Transition to an animation explaining resynchronization mechanism]Presenter: When a receiver detects an edge, it uses it as a reference point to determine the boundaries between consecutive bits. This process allows the receiver to stay synchronized with the sender despite variations in clock speeds or delays.Presenter: Now, let's explore hard synchronization. All CAN nodes are internally hard synchronized to the falling edge of the Start of Frame (SOF) bit detected on the bus.[Transition to an animation explaining hard synchronization mechanism]Presenter: During system initialization or whenever a node joins the CAN network, all nodes adjust their internal clocks to align with the timing of the SOF bit. This ensures precise timing alignment among all nodes from the beginning of each frame.Presenter: While resynchronization provides flexibility during communication, hard synchronization offers precise timing alignment among all nodes from the beginning of each frame.Presenter: In conclusion, synchronization is vital for ensuring reliable communication in the CAN protocol. Whether through dynamic resynchronization during communication or precise hard synchronization at the beginning of each frame, maintaining synchronization is essential for accurate data interpretation and error-free communication.