Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how the Earth's lithosphere is divided into several large plates that move and interact with each other. These plates are constantly shifting at a rate of a few centimeters per year, causing geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges. The theory of plate tectonics was first proposed in the 1960s, revolutionizing the field of geology by providing a unifying explanation for the Earth's dynamic surface. It explains the distribution of continents and ocean basins, as well as the occurrence of seismic activity along plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. Divergent boundaries occur where plates move apart, creating rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges. Convergent boundaries occur where plates collide, leading to subduction zones and volcanic arcs. Transform boundaries occur where plates slide past each other, resulting in faults and earthquakes. Plate tectonics is crucial for understanding the Earth's geological history and predicting geological hazards. By studying the movement and interactions of Earth's plates, scientists can better understand processes such as mountain building, ocean formation, and the distribution of natural resources.