Bus Topology: A single central cable (the bus) linearly connects all devices. Data sent by any device travels along the bus to all other devices. It’s simple and cost-effective but can be prone to performance issues if the bus gets congested.Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Data sent from one device is routed through the central hub to the destination device. It’s easy to manage and troubleshoot, but if the central hub fails, the entire network goes down.Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion, where each device is connected to two others. Data travels in one direction around the ring until it reaches its destination. It can efficiently handle data traffic but can be disrupted if one connection fails.Mesh Topology: Each device is connected to every other device in the network. This provides high redundancy and reliability, as there are multiple paths for data to travel. However, it’s complex and expensive to install and maintain.Tree Topology: A hybrid topology combining characteristics of star and bus topologies. Devices are organized into a hierarchy of branches, with each branch connected to a central trunk. It allows for easy expansion but can become complex as the network grows.Hybrid Topology: Combines two or more different topologies. For example, a star-bus topology where multiple star topologies are connected to a central bus. This offers flexibility and scalability but can be complex to design and manage.