Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels that develop or are first recognized during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. GDM poses risks for both the mother and the baby, but with proper management, these risks can be minimized.Causes:GDM occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs during pregnancy, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Pregnancy hormones can also interfere with insulin action, contributing to insulin resistance.Risk Factors:Several factors increase the risk of developing GDM, including:Overweight or obesityFamily history of diabetesPrevious history of gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing over 9 poundsPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)Advanced maternal age (over 35 years)Certain ethnic backgrounds (e.g., Hispanic, African American, Native American, South Asian)Screening and Diagnosis:Most pregnant women are screened for GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Screening typically involves a glucose challenge test (GCT) followed by a glucose tolerance test (GTT) if the GCT results are elevated. Diagnosis is made based on the glucose levels measured during the GTT.Management:Managing GDM aims to control blood sugar levels to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby. This typically involves:Dietary Changes: A registered dietitian can help develop a meal plan that regulates carbohydrate intake to keep blood sugar levels stable.Physical Activity: Regular exercise, as recommended by a healthcare provider, can help improve insulin sensitivity and control blood sugar levels.Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, typically done multiple times a day, helps track how well blood sugar is controlled.Insulin Therapy or Oral Medications: If diet and exercise are not sufficient to control blood sugar levels, insulin injections or oral medications may be prescribed.Fetal Monitoring: Close monitoring of the baby's growth and well-being through ultrasound scans and other tests may be necessary to detect any potential complications.