Exception Handling: Modern operating systems provide support for handling exceptions, which are unexpected events that occur during program execution, such as division by zero or accessing invalid memory addresses. When an exception occurs, the operating system typically intervenes, interrupts the executing program, and transfers control to an exception handler. The handler can then take appropriate actions, such as terminating the offending program, logging diagnostic information, or attempting to recover from the error.System Calls and Error Codes: When programs interact with the operating system through system calls to perform tasks like file I/O, process management, or network communication, the operating system may encounter errors. In such cases, the system calls return error codes to indicate the nature of the error. These error codes are standardized and documented, allowing programs to handle errors gracefully. Additionally, operating systems often provide functions or APIs for retrieving descriptive error messages corresponding to error codes.Process Monitoring and Recovery: Operating systems monitor the execution of processes and provide mechanisms for detecting and recovering from errors that may lead to crashes or system instability. This includes features like process isolation, memory protection, and watchdog timers. If a process becomes unresponsive or exhibits abnormal behavior, the operating system may terminate the process, restart it, or trigger system-wide actions to mitigate the impact of the error.Resource Management: Operating systems manage various system resources, such as memory, CPU time, and I/O devices, and errors related to resource allocation and utilization are common. Operating systems employ techniques like resource allocation policies, scheduling algorithms, and memory protection mechanisms to prevent resource conflicts and errors. When errors do occur, the operating system may reclaim resources, adjust resource allocations, or notify affected processes to handle the situation appropriately.Error Logging and Reporting: Operating systems typically maintain logs and diagnostic information about errors, warnings, and system events. These logs help administrators and developers identify and troubleshoot issues, track system performance, and analyze trends over time. Operating systems may support configurable logging levels, remote logging, and integration with monitoring and alerting systems to ensure timely detection and response to errors.