when converting from direct speech to reported speech:### Present Simple to Past Simple- Direct: She says, I like ice cream.- Reported: She said that she liked ice cream.### Present Continuous to Past Continuous- Direct: He says, I am reading a book.- Reported: He said that he was reading a book.### Present Perfect to Past Perfect- Direct: They say, We have finished our homework.- Reported: They said that they had finished their homework.### Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous- Direct: She says, I have been waiting for you.- Reported: She said that she had been waiting for me.### Past Simple to Past Perfect- Direct: He said, I saw the movie.- Reported: He said that he had seen the movie.### Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous- Direct: She said, I was cooking dinner.- Reported: She said that she had been cooking dinner.### Past Perfect remains Past Perfect- Direct: They said, We had left before the storm.- Reported: They said that they had left before the storm.### Future Simple (will) to Future in the Past (would)- Direct: He said, I will call you.- Reported: He said that he would call me.### Future Continuous (will be) to Future Continuous in the Past (would be)- Direct: She said, I will be traveling tomorrow.- Reported: She said that she would be traveling the next day.### Future Perfect (will have) to Future Perfect in the Past (would have)- Direct: He said, I will have finished by noon.- Reported: He said that he would have finished by noon.### Modal Verbs- Can to Could- Direct: She said, I can swim.- Reported: She said that she could swim.- May to Might- Direct: He said, I may come.- Reported: He said that he might come.- Must to Had to- Direct: They said, We must leave.- Reported: They said that they had to leave.